Plasma surface functionalization: A comprehensive review of advances in the quest for bioinstructive materials and interfaces

Surface biofunctionalization aims to create cell-instructive surfaces that control the behavior of cells and modulate cellular interactions by incorporating cell signaling moieties at materials–biosystem interface. Despite advances in developing bioinert biocompatible materials, blood clotting, inflammation, death continue be observed upon contact foreign materials with living tissues leading materials' rejection. Specific examples include application implantable devices (e.g., bone implants, antimicrobial surfaces, cardiovascular stents), biosensors, drug delivery, 3D-bioprinting. Biofunctionalization date has been predominantly realized using wet chemical approaches. However, complexity chemistry, toxicity reactants, waste disposal issues, reaction time, poor reproducibility, scalability drive a need for paradigm shift from approaches dry methods surface biofunctionalization. Plasma-based technologies enable covalent immobilization biomolecules have emerged as dry, reagent-free, single-step alternatives This review commences highlighting bioinstructive coatings various biomedical applications such 3D-bioprinted structures, followed brief biofunctionalized biomimetic devices. We then provide comprehensive development plasma-based biofunctionalization, plasma–surface underpinning mechanisms biomolecule immobilization.